The Alienation Experienced by Bruno & Shmuel in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne

Alienation is described as encompassing individual psychological states and types of social relationships. In the context of this study, individuals experience profound feelings of disconnection and estrangement (Kalekin-Fishman, 1998). The objective of this research was to elucidate the diverse causes of alienation depicted in the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas." Analyzing the reasons for alienation in this literary work could provide deeper insights into how war and human atrocities impact an individual's mental well-being. It also contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the theme of alienation in literary research. The research employed a literature study approach with a psychological perspective, drawing on Erich Fromm's concept of alienation. The primary data source for this study was the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas" by John Boyne, focusing on character dialogues and the author's narration within the story units. The novel, published on 5 January 2006, consists of 216 pages. To analyze the data, the researcher collected, reviewed, identified, organized


INTRODUCTION
There are various ways to describe the human condition and the world. One of them is through literature. Literature and life are two complementary social phenomena in their being as something existential (Suyitno, 1996). It also relates to the element of truth in literary works. The truth of the work of fiction lies in its author. The truths that appear in the individual's potential (Zwagery & Akbar, 2018). The definitions of conditions and general characteristics of alienation described above are reflected in John Boyne's novel, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, which is the object of this research. This research differs from previous studies on the same object and the same topic.
The term "alienation" has a fairly broad definition, mainly used to refer to individual psychological states and types of social relationships (Roberts, 1987, p. 346). Kalekin Fishman (1996 explains, "The term alienation refers to objective traits, subjective feelings, and conditions that hinder participation," and states, "In modern sociology, alienation is a term that refers to people who experience binding alien conditions, either in the social world as well as in itself" (Kalekin-Fishman, 1996, p. 6). Therefore, the focus in this research was on Seeman's theory, which was more applicable to current research in John Boyne's novel "The Boy in The Striped Pajamas." This research was exciting since this research did not only analyze reasons and reactions but also forms, factors, and effects of social alienation in each character. From the explanation above, the researcher assumed that this study was different and might have completed some previous researches that have been conducted before.

RESEARCH METHOD
This study applied qualitative research to create more objective and accurate research. This study employed literary criticism, which used a psychological approach to analyze literary work as the research method in the novel. This approach was appropriate to analyze literary works which focused on the alienation experienced by the Characters Bruno & Shmuel in the novel The Boy in the Striped Pajamas novel. Therefore, to better understand the literary criticism of the two characters, the researcher applied a psychological approach. The primary data were taken from The Boy in the Striped Pajamas novel written by John Boyne. David Flicking's books were published on 5 January 2006. It consisted of 216 pages. Besides, the data was taken from many sources which were proper with psychological approach, especially alienation, such as a journal, theses, Etc. In analyzing evidence, the researcher concentrated on analyzing some characters in the novel The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, using Erich Fromm's Theory of Alienation and the social psychological approach to support the research process.
The data analysis was handled in several steps. The step begun by checking the collected data. This procedure was done to know whether the data which have been collected were correct or not. The next step was reviewing and identifying the data. In this step, the researcher reviewed and identified the data related to the formulated statement of the problems by marking the statements or paragraphs in the novel. The third step was organizing the data. The researcher organized and separated the required data. The fourth step was analyzing and interpreting the data. The researcher did a deep analysis and found the causes of alienation of the two characters in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.
The last step was concluding. The researcher concluded and rechecked the data to determine whether it was appropriate to answer the statement of the problems or not. This part was essential because the researcher must explain the conclusion after analyzing the data. This conclusion must be appropriate to the statement of the problems.

FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
This chapter contained the analysis of this research. The objectives of the study determined the analysis in this chapter. This chapter analyzed the factors causing the alienation of Bruno and Shmuel as main characters in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas. Each analysis in this chapter was based on the theories discussed previously, and the critical points in this analysis referred to the novel The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.

The Alienation of Bruno The Alienation of Bruno Caused by Others
Fromm said that the existence of love is why relationships between humans are intertwined. However, Fromm also stated that love also requires alienation because the other person must be a stranger to fall in love. In this context, Bruno was alienated because of the conditions that separate him and his friends.
"The house in Berlin was enormous, and even though he'd lived there for nine years he was still able to find nooks and crannies that he hadn't fully finished exploring yet. There were even whole rooms -such as Father's office, which was Out of Bounds at All Times and No Exceptions -that he had barely been inside. " (p. 12) In the quotation above, it was described that Bruno was a stranger to his father; his father's office was beyond his reach. The relationship between the child and the father was essential to the family. Bruno's tenuous relationship with his father was the initial trigger for how Bruno behaved towards others and his environment. The inquisitive nature of Bruno's child required a father's role in it, but he did not get this; it became one of Bruno's early indications of alienation.
Bruno had an excellent attitude; he was polite and appreciate others. It was due to his mother, who always told him to respect anyone. When he faced a situation he did not like, getting tired after school and finding Maria, the maid at their house, packing all his personal belongings from his room, Bruno was still behaving in a good way, "... He asked in a polite tone as he could muster even though he was unhappy" (p. 1 The quotation above explained Bruno questioning their sudden move and making Bruno had to lose his friends and needed to adapt to a new environment and friends, even if there were any. According to Fromm, how a person can achieve a new harmony with fellow human beings even though there is, alienation is the goal in describing it (Fromm, 1955).

Alienation of Bruno Caused by Society
Same as Hegel, Fromm speaks of society as something alienated. Hegel spoke of society in terms of social substance as alienated. Hegel considered the situation when the In the quotation above, Bruno's mother said, "Some people make all the decisions for us" This was related to the power relations around Bruno's family. Bruno's father was managed by his commander, while Bruno's father managed his wife and children. Both of these relationships had an impact that was directly related to the alienation experienced by Bruno. The power relations around Bruno indicated a destructive social environment; this destructive character-forming environment could come from many parties, including the media, school, and family. Family was the main factor in shaping the character of children or adolescents.
Various aspects above made Bruno feel that he was in a different social environment from the friends around him, so he failed to form an identity. Self-identity was formed with the help of the surrounding environment. By having a sense of attachment to the social group where a person was, that person would be able to form his social identity, which helped in forming his identity. Because Bruno did not have a sense of attachment to his social group (in this case, his family), his social identity could not be formed and ultimately influenced his identity. Openness was needed from the parties involved, in this case, Bruno and his surroundings, to connect with the surrounding environment. So, individual openness to the outside world was essential in forming self-identity. If an individual could not be opened, his identity could not be formed. From the quotation above, Bruno conveyed his anxiety at that time. He said he disliked them being in Out-with because he had no friends to interact with or play with. Alienation psychologically impacted children, including children who became irritable and rebellious. Another impact was that children could not socialize with their surroundings and peers. It would impact the child's development, made him afraid of the outside world and strangers. Family figures should be the most trusted party and could help shape a child's self-identity, but Bruno did not get it. Because in his family, he had a negative relationship with his father and older sister, practically he could only complain to his mother. Her mother was also indicated to have experienced alienation because there was a part in the novel when Bruno's mother opposed Bruno's father's decision regarding their move. It made Bruno independently search for his identity. Even though Bruno had met several new people at Out-With, from Bruno's observation, he needed help to trust these new people. Bruno still had a crisis of confidence. Bruno still felt alienated because he did not recognize the new world around him.

Alienation of Bruno Caused by Himself
In the character of Bruno, even though he was a child who was only nine years old, in the story in a novel, there were several attitudes and thoughts of Bruno that made him appear older than his actual age. Those attitudes and thoughts indicated the alienation of Bruno's character from himself. Of all the scope of Fromm's concept of alienation, the most important of these various forms was the individual's alienation from himself. Fromm repeatedly mentioned that the main problem of alienation was a problem that concerned a person's personality or a person's position with something outside himself. The center of self-alienation was a person's self when faced with nature, other humans, society, or himself.
He imagined insects living in the spaces between the paint and the ceiling itself, pushing it out, cracking it wide, opening it up, trying to create a gap so that they could squeeze through and look for a window where they might escape. Nothing, thought Bruno, not even the insects, would ever choose to stay at Out-With. 'Everything here is horrible,' he said out loud, even though there was no one present to hear him, but somehow it made him feel better to hear the words stated anyway. 'I hate this house, I hate my room and I even hate the paintwork. I hate it all. Absolutely everything. ' (p. 56) In the quotation above, Bruno uttered a form of spontaneous emotional outburst; he felt hatred for everything in his new place. At that time, a child as small as Bruno certainly could not think much logically; he could only express everything he felt without first looking at the conditions around him. It showed that Bruno felt very foreign out there, seeing the outside world he had never imagined. From this evidence, it could be analyzed that children who rarely saw strangers and the surrounding environment that they have never seen before in their condition would feel afraid and tried to protect themselves. There were indications that Bruno was alienated from himself; he felt that no one else felt what he felt, even though his mother and older siblings felt the same alienation as Bruno. It was just that they understood that arguing with Bruno's father would not change anything; it would only make things worse.
Fromm explained that the current structure of a society affects humans in two ways simultaneously: humans become more independent, self-confident, and critical, or even isolated, lonely, and afraid (Fromm, 1955). In Bruno's case, this alienation from himself made him feel lonely and isolated.
Bruno's mouth dropped open, and he tried to remember the way you used your mouth if you wanted to say the word 'yes.' He had never seen anyone look so terrified as Shmuel did at that moment, and he wanted to say the right thing to make things better, but then he realized that he could not; because he felt just as terrified himself (p. 172) In the quotation above, there was a fear within Bruno that he could not control because of the alienation that dominated other parties as well as himself. Bruno lost his social sensitivity to protect himself, and the lie that Bruno showed was one of the results of the alienation he experienced.
In his personal life as an individual, humans suffered from isolation and solitude, which were the consequences of social forces that required humans to work well together in large groups. Fromm called it an activity 'following a rhythm that has been measured. All humans work together, helping each other. Humans carry out activities that are carried out in quick succession without specific reasons (Fromm, 1955).
"But there were no other streets around the new house, no one strolling along or rushing around, and definitely no shops or fruit and vegetable stalls. When he closed his eyes, everything around him just felt empty and cold, as if he was in the loneliest place in the world. The middle of nowhere." (p. 13) The quotation above described the lonely and empty situation Bruno felt. It was natural when a small child felt lonely when forced to be in a new place and situation.
In dealing with this situation, Bruno himself should understand and read the situation as quickly as possible. In the quote above, Bruno seemed to be in "the loneliest place in the world," especially by living next to Auschwitz. However, he was still young, so instead of understanding his environment, he preferred to sink into complicated feelings inside his head; In contrast, these feelings reflected and originated from where he lived; he did not have the maturity to make all of this happen. Instead, everything felt "empty and cold." It was his preferred, rather than an intellectual, response to the terrible world in which Bruno lived.

The Alienation of Shmuel The Alienation of Shmuel Caused by Others
The title of The Boy in the Striped Pajamas depicted a boy named Shmuel. Shmuel was a Jewish friend of Bruno who was held at Auschwitz. Born on the same day as Bruno, he and Bruno became best friends, although Bruno never understood enough about the horrors of Shmuel's staying at Camp. Shmuel was described as a fragile, unattended child with a grim face. He understood more about the situation that was happening there than Bruno.
In chapter 10, when Bruno first roamed the Camp fence and met Shmuel, Shmuel's appearance is depicted, "The Boy was more petite than Bruno and was sitting on the ground with a forlorn expression. He wore the same striped pajamas that all the other people on that side of the fence wore and a striped cloth cap on his head. He was not wearing shoes or socks, and his feet were dirty. On his arm, he wore an armband with a star on it. When Bruno first approached the Boy, he was sitting cross-legged on the ground, staring at the dust beneath him. However, after a moment, he looked up, and Bruno saw his face. It was quite a strange face too. His skin was almost the color of grey, but not quite like any grey that Bruno had ever seen before. He had huge eyes, the color of caramel sweets; the whites were very white, and when the Boy looked at him, Bruno could see an enormous pair of sad eyes staring back. " (p. 106) In the quotation above, it could be observed that Shmuel was a person from the oppressed group. There were several factors behind social isolation in Shmuel's character.
At the beginning of chapter 12, there was a story about how Nazi soldiers took Shmuel and his family; the alienation of Shmuel and his group began at that time when they were captured and put in a prison that was very unfit for human habitation.

"Then one day the soldiers all came with huge trucks,' continued Shmuel, who didn't seem all that interested in Gretel. 'And everyone was told to leave the houses. Lots of people didn't want to and
The quotation above showed that the Shmuel family could only surrender when arrested; the initial signs of alienation were evident. When one party surrendered to the orders and power of another party, alienation occurred at that moment. Shmuel and his family were racially and socially hierarchically inferior, so whatever form of resistance they took was meaningless; the choice was between surviving and obeying orders or death.
"The Boy was more petite than Bruno and was sitting on the ground with a forlorn expression. He wore the same striped pajamas that all the other people on that side of the fence wore and a striped cloth cap on his head. He was not wearing shoes or socks, and his feet were dirty. On his arm, he wore an armband with a star on it. When Bruno first approached the Boy, he was sitting cross-legged on the ground, staring at the dust beneath him. However, after a moment, he looked up, and Bruno saw his face. It was quite a strange face too. His skin was almost the color of grey, but not quite like any grey that Bruno had ever seen before. He had huge eyes, the color of caramel sweets; the whites were very white, and when the Boy looked at him, Bruno could see an enormous pair of sad eyes staring back. " (p. 106) In the quotation above, Shmuel's physical condition and appearance were described as terrible and not like the appearance of children in general, a sight that Bruno had never imagined. It was clear from these descriptions that the alienation experienced by Shmuel was far more varied and profound than the alienation experienced by Bruno. Many external aspects affected the alienation experienced by Shmuel. In this context, Shmuel was a victim of materialistic human relations. At that time, against the backdrop of the holocaust incident, which was the backdrop for this novel, people who were dominant and had power saw each other as material objects. People were no longer seen for their uniqueness but as objects that could be observed and manipulated based on specific systems. The location of the critical problem here was how people, as subjects, view other people as objects; of course, this presented a tendency towards exploitative orientation towards fellow human beings because other humans were considered only as objects of exploitation. Shmuel and his group were victims of the manipulation of the system.

Alienation of Shmuel Caused by Society
In alienation, all thoughts, attitudes, or actions would be followed by loneliness, emptiness, and anxiety. It happened because individuals experienced a disconnect with themselves, each other, and the outside world. If humans cannot overcome the forces outside themselves, they will find themselves powerless, worthless, or lose their passion for life (Koeswara, 1987).
If Bruno thought his life was ruined, it paled compared to Shmuel's life. While Bruno went from a five-story house to just three before being detained in a concentration camp, Shmuel explained: position that seemed fair to attribute to their ethnoreligious identity: Bruno's father was a German working for Hitler. In contrast, Shmuel's father was a Jew trying to survive in the anti-Semitic world, even before the Holocaust began.
If a comparison was made between Bruno and Shmuel, the bad thing that was known about Bruno was that he was separated from his friends, and he moved from a luxurious house to a less luxurious one; life was easier for Bruno than for Shmuel. If Bruno described life in terms of childhood, Shmuel explained that the Jewish children around him did not have this happy experience. No wonder Shmuel always looked gloomy.
Alienation implied a (unique) self-identity alienated from social (universal) identity. Self-identity is based on the uniqueness of a person's characteristics that are different from others, such as abilities, talents, and choices (Liliweri, 2005), while social identity is a concept derived from personal knowledge about membership in a social group along with the significance of values and emotional aspects of the membership.
It was undoubtedly difficult for Shmuel to get this identity in isolation if it was related to social identity. A child who was born into a minority group and when grew up lived in an environment where the social situation was not good, apart from having difficulty understanding self-identity, would also lose social identity. The quotation above showed that Bruno and Shmuel's had conversation when they accidentally met at Bruno's house. Lieutenant Kotler ordered Shmuel to clean the glasses in Bruno's kitchen. A contrasting scene was drawn at that moment. Bruno, with all his adequacy. While, Shmuel, with all his misery. Both experience alienation and were controlled by other people but with different impacts. In that conversation, Shmuel showed sarcasm when he was asked if he was hungry; he answered 'That is a question you never have to ask me". As a child who was far from socializing with society since birth, this form of sarcasm was one of the impacts of the alienation that Bruno experienced.

Alienation of Shmuel Caused by Himself
From several quotes in the novel, it could be seen that Shmuel was a child with thoughts that were farther away from children his age; this has become more potential for Shmuel to alienate himself. The harsh social environment from the start shaped Bruno's character and thoughts about how he behaved towards others-returning to Fromm's central concept of alienation, namely when a person experienced himself as an alien. He felt alien to himself and did not experience himself as the center of his world. Therefore, the novel had several quotes about Shmuel being alienated from himself.
While we marveled at Shmuel and admired his resilience in the face of forced adulthood, it was essential to note that as admirable as that may be, he was still a child. The Holocaust may have forced him to deal with things far beyond his years, but that did not change the fact that Shmuel was still a child. This fact was described when a Nazi soldier named Kotler caught him eating the chicken Bruno had just given him. When asked if he stole food from Bruno's kitchen, Shmuel answered: 'No, sir. He gave it to me,' said Shmuel, tears welling up in his eyes as he threw a sideways glance at Bruno. 'He's my friend, ' he added. (p. 71) What Shmuel said was right, Bruno was his friend, and he had given him the chicken. However, what more interesting was that Shmuel failed to anticipate that Bruno would not support him now. It showed that for all his maturity, Shmuel was still a child. While the Holocaust has done away with his family one by one, he could still trust a little German boy named Bruno, who knew nothing about the terrible experiences and situations in the Camp.
In this case, our attention was drawn to the expectations that Shmuel built on others but ultimately suffered himself. It showed that Shmuel felt alienated from himself. As described by Fromm, an alienated person is possessed by irrational lust, his actions are no longer his own, and he is distorted by unconscious forces within him (Fromm, 1955).
Perhaps surprisingly, in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, freedom, and restraint reign for Shmuel and Bruno. Both of them were where they were forced to go, and neither of them could leave. The big difference was that Shmuel was in a concentration camp, and Bruno was in a house. Shmuel was locked up with nowhere to go. Bruno, however, had the freedom to step out of his house whenever he wanted and was not afraid for his life. The reason for this restraint was that it was difficult for Shmuel to fight the alienation within him; his thoughts were only on how to survive without being tortured even more horribly by the Nazi soldiers in the concentration camp. Alienation has deformed into subject fragmentation, in which humans fail to connect with their environment because they cannot adequately connect with themselves. The resulting subject is not only alien but "alien to his physical condition" (Bolton, 2012).

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
Based on research conducted by the author, it was regarding the causes of alienation in the characters Bruno & Shmuel in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas. The researcher found that the causes of alienation are described through the relationship between Bruno & Shmuel and their relationship with society and the people around them. It highlighted the destructive power of ideology and prejudice and showed how these forces could divide people and destroyed lives.
Overall, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas illustrated how social, cultural, and ideological barriers could lead to alienation and dehumanization. It emphasized the importance of empathy, understanding, and the need to challenge prejudice and discrimination to overcome the barriers that divide us.
The research revealed that the existence of alienation in the novel The Boy in the Striped Pajamas was still limited to studying the nature of the approach of psychology and sociology. Therefore, it was still very open to conducting further studies, especially those directed at the reader community. Studies could be done by utilizing the literary reception approach. Thus, it would be known the response of society to the form of social alienation featured in the novel.
The final results of this study could be expected to have use value for the community, and researcher hoped that further research could conduct a more in-depth and better analysis of this novel. The researcher realized that this research still had many things that could be improved.
Based on the result of this study, there were several things that the researcher wanted to suggest to every student majoring in literature. For English Literature Students, research on literary work using the psychological approach of literature was very important. Whoever majors in literature must provide a broader analysis of the literary works they have read. It is one of many ways to understand what we studied.