Journal of Literature, Linguistics, & Cultural Studies

The Second and Final Presidential Debate of Donald Trump and Joe Biden: A Conceptual Metaphor Analysis

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This study discusses the conceptual metaphor employed in the second and final presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden. The debate revolved around each candidate's arguments regarding the advantages and disadvantages of their presidential candidacy. The research focuses on analyzing the meaning and various types of Conceptual Metaphors, namely Ontological Metaphor, Structural Metaphor, and Orientational Metaphor. A qualitative descriptive method was utilized to analyze the data, which was collected from the YouTube Channel featuring the debates. The researcher observed and studied the videos of both Donald Trump and Joe Biden's second and final presidential debates. The data was analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson's theory (2003). The study concludes that three types of conceptual metaphors were present in the debates. A total of 16 instances of conceptual metaphors were identified, including seven ontological metaphors, two structural metaphors, and seven orientational metaphors. While the ontological metaphor was the most prevalent, its meaning was not straightforward to interpret.

The Jonas’ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in The Giver

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This study aims analyze the main character’s stress disorder in Lois Lowry's novel, The Giver, using Gerald Davison's Theory of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The research focuses on two objectives: (1) identifying the causes of PTSD experienced by Jonas in The Giver and (2) exploring the impacts of PTSD on Jonas in the novel. This research applied a literary criticism. This study used a literary psychology approach with Gerald Davison's post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) theory. The data source of this research was The Giver, a novel written by Lois Lowry, published in 1993 by Houghton Mifflin Company. It consists of 156 pages with 23 chapters. The findings of the study reveal that Jonas developed a mental disorder after undergoing compulsory
training as the Receiver. His exposure to traumatic memories from The Giver instilled fear, pain, depression, and stress within him. The causes of his PTSD can be attributed to psychological, environmental, and brain
structure factors. Consequently, Jonas displayed negative and antisocial behaviors, frequently plagued by haunting thoughts related to his traumatic experiences. This led to significant changes in his behavior, emotions, and mindset.

Toxic Parent in A Thousand Perfect Notes by C.G. Drew

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This study examines the portrayal of a toxic parent in C.G. Drews's novel, A Thousand Perfect Notes, explicitly focusing on the mother's role in forcing her child to become a pianist. The research addresses two main
objectives: the first is to describe the forms of toxic parenting exhibited by the mother in the novel, and the second is to explore the effects of toxic parenting on the child's character in A Thousand Perfect Notes. To
achieve this, the researcher applied Dr. Susan Forward's theory of toxic parents from 2002, utilizing a psychological approach for analysis. In addition, the study utilized a psychology-focused literary criticism
approach, focusing on the character's parenting style. The findings revealed several forms of toxic parenting depicted in the book, including insufficient parenting, controlling behavior, verbal abuse, and physical
abuse. The main character, in particular, experienced the impacts of these toxic parent characteristics. The study's analysis shed light on the effects of a toxic parent on a child, as portrayed in C.G. Drews's A Thousand
Perfect Notes.

The Discrimination of Taiwanese-American Portrayed in Interior Chinatown by Charles Yu

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This research investigated the sociology of literature, especially regarding Taiwanese American discrimination in the Interior Chinatown novel by Charles Yu. This study aimed to describe the forms of discrimination in the
novel Interior Chinatown and explore the causal factors of discrimination in the novel Interior Chinatown. The method in this research was literary criticism using a sociological approach with an analysis of discrimination
based on a perspective by Thomas F. Pettigrew. This research's data source was the novel Interior Chinatown, published in 2020 with 257 pages. This research employed the theory of discrimination by Thomas F.
Pettigrew. The results of this study were; (1) the forms of discrimination against Taiwanese Americans in the novel Interior Chinatown consist of two types: direct and indirect. Direct discrimination consists of seven forms
of discrimination, namely: citizenship status discrimination, racial discrimination, physical violence discrimination, colorism discrimination, regional discrimination, age discrimination, and gender discrimination.
Indirect discrimination consisted of five forms of discrimination, namely: government regulations regarding the prohibition of owning property for Taiwanese immigrants in the United States, government regulations on
restrictions on property ownership in the United States, government regulations on restrictions on types of work and the environment, government regulations on legal restrictions for Taiwanese immigrants,
and the government's strict regulations on marriage to immigrants; (2) the causes of Taiwanese American discrimination in the novel Interior Chinatown consisted of two factors; they were stereotypes and prejudice.

The Analysis of Discourse Markers in Science Debate

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This study investigated discourse markers that occurred in the science debate by TJump and Nathan Thompson. This research aimed to determine the types of discourse markers that TJump and Nathan Thompson used and described their functions. The researcher used a descriptive-qualitative approach to answer research questions by using Schiffrin's theory (1987). The data was taken from utterances containing discourse markers from TJump and Nathan Thompson's debate that discusses globe vs. flat Earth. This research reveals that there were six types of discourse markers and 11 discourse markers, which have different functions, such as a marker of information management (oh); a marker of response (well); discourse connectives (and, but, or); markers of cause and result (so, because); markers of temporal adverbs (now, then); markers of information and participation (I know, I mean). The function of those discourse markers are a marker of information management to attract attention, a marker of response to create coherence, discourse connectives to connect more units, to mark contrasting units as option markers, a marker of cause and result as a complement, and subordinate ideas, markers of temporal adverbs are to show the relationship between time, markers of information and participation are as the transition of information state and indicate the speaker's orientation. The next researcher can use another theory to analyze discourse markers, especially discourse markers as fillers. This study focused only on the types and functions of discourse markers; the researcher can connect discourse markers to speech acts and use different theories.

The Analysis of Heroes’ Traits in Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This research analyzed the heroic portrayal of the main character, Percy Jackson, in Rick Riordan's novel "Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief." The study aimed to examine the literary work and used a psychological approach to analyze Percy Jackson's psychological aspects as the central character. The theoretical framework utilized was "The Eight Traits of Heroes," developed by Scott Allison and George Goethals, encompassing traits such as caring, charismatic, inspiring, reliable, resilient, selfless, intelligent, and strong. The findings of this research indicated that Percy Jackson displayed all eight heroic traits in the novel. Additionally, the study employed "The Three Major Components of Heroes" to trace Percy Jackson's hero development throughout the story. However, it was noted that Percy also possessed a few non-heroic traits, including contemplating harm towards a bully and expressing anger towards a monster that caused his mother's death, revealing a vengeful aspect of Percy's character.

Joker Movie Poster Advertisement: The Semiotic Analysis

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

This study employed semiotics to establish connections among the elements utilized in advertising. The focus of the research was analyzing Joker poster advertisements using semiotic studies based on Pierce's theory. Pierce's Theory was employed to identify and categorize various types of signs, as well as analyze and describe their meanings. The objective of this study was to identify semiotic signs present in Joker Poster advertisements and interpret their meanings. The research design was descriptive and qualitative, involving document analysis. Each sign within the poster advertisements was identified and classified into three types: index, icon, and symbol. The meaning of each sign was then analyzed and explained using a triadic process model. The findings revealed that the advertisements contained semiotic signs in the form of symbols, icons, and indexes. There were 14 icons, 12 indexes, and 42 symbols identified. Symbols were more commonly used compared to indexes and icons, with text often serving as a symbol in the Joker posters. Additionally, the researcher observed that posters (icons) played a crucial role in providing initial direction to the meaning, followed by the language used in the advertisements.

Furo Wariboko’s Interactional Emphasis in A. Igoni Barret’s Blackass

2023-07-24T15:28:06+07:00

The concept of identity theory highlights that individuals may possess multiple identities, elucidated through prominence hierarchy and salience hierarchy. This thesis aimed to explore the prominence hierarchy and its effects on Furo Wariboko, the central character in A. Igoni Barrett's Blackass Novel. The study felt under the realm of literary criticism, as the researcher analyzed and interpreted the literary work. Employing a sociological approach to the analysis, the study focused on the sociological aspects portrayed in the novel. Additionally, the analysis incorporated the interactional emphasis of identity theory as proposed by George McCall and J.L Simmons. Data for the research were drawn from A. Igoni Barrett's Blackass novel in the form of words, phrases, and utterances. The researcher gathered the data by identifying and categorizing relevant citations from the novel. Subsequently, the data were analyzed by describing and explaining the quotations based on the interactional emphasis of identity theory. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the prominent hierarchy significantly influences Furo's decision to alter his identity from his original "Furo Wariboko" to a new identity as "Frank Whyte." Then, Furo's choice of prominence hierarchy as "Frank Whyte" has noteworthy implications for him in various aspects, including social, economic, and psychological dimensions.

The Main Characters’ Language Style Matching in To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before Movie

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

This research aimed to investigate the use of function words, verbal mimicry, and non-verbal language styles in assessing the alignment of language styles between individuals. The film "To All the Boys I Have Loved Before" (2018) was chosen as the subject of analysis, as it depicted social dynamics that resembled real-life situations on a smaller scale. By employing the Language Style Matching theory proposed by Bowen et al. (2017), the researcher successfully identified significant matches and consistent outcomes in relation to the film's conclusion. The research approach employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, allowing for the analysis of data while providing in-depth explanations. The study utilized a Mixed Method Research (MMR) approach and yielded a final Language Style Matching score of 0.91 for verbal mimicry, indicating a nearly perfect match. Two categories of Language Style Matching emerged from the analysis, namely verbal and non-verbal mimicry. The researcher identified twelve instances of non-verbal mimicry in the film, including six motor movements, three postures, two facial expressions, and one gaze. The findings of this study revealed that the main characters in "To All the Boys I've Loved Before," namely Peter Kavinsky and Lara Jean, exhibited mutual interest and compatibility.

The Alienation Experienced by Bruno & Shmuel in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

Alienation is described as encompassing individual psychological states and types of social relationships. In the context of this study, individuals experience profound feelings of disconnection and estrangement (Kalekin-Fishman, 1998). The objective of this research was to elucidate the diverse causes of alienation depicted in the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas." Analyzing the reasons for alienation in this literary work could provide deeper insights into how war and human atrocities impact an individual's mental well-being. It also contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the theme of alienation in literary research. The research employed a literature study approach with a psychological perspective, drawing on Erich Fromm's concept of alienation. The primary data source for this study was the novel "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas" by John Boyne, focusing on character dialogues and the author's narration within the story units. The novel, published on 5 January 2006, consists of 216 pages. To analyze the data, the researcher collected, reviewed, identified, organized, and drew conclusions from the gathered information. The findings of this research reveal various causes of alienation present in the characters of Bruno and Shmuel in the novel. These causes included alienation arising from interactions with other people, alienation resulting from societal factors, and alienation stemming from internal struggles within themselves. The exploration of these aspects shed light on the complex psychological impacts of alienation amidst the backdrop of war and its atrocities in the narrative of "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas.

The Historical Criticism in The Women in the Castle by Jessica Shattuck

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

World War II occurred in Germany between 1933 and 1945, under the rule of Hitler and the Nazis, pitting Germany against the Allies. Propaganda played a significant role in their efforts to secure victory. Propaganda was employed to manipulate the perceptions and positions of various groups to align with the Nazis' agenda. This study focused on the forms of propaganda used by the Nazis against Non-Aryan groups, including Gypsies, Slavs, Jews, and Polish. It also explored how German society responded to this propaganda during the period of 1933-1945, as depicted in Jessica Shattuck's novel "The Women in the Castle." The research applied historical criticism, using the gray and black propaganda theories proposed by Seabury and Codevilla (1990). Additionally, the theories of gray and black propaganda by Garth S. Jowett & Victoria O'Donnell (2005) were used to support the research findings. The study felt under the category of literary criticism, gathering data from quotes, conversations, and narratives found in the novel "The Women in the Castle," published in 2017 by William Morrow. The research yielded three main results: First, it identified seven instances of gray propaganda and three instances of black propaganda. Second, it uncovered nine positive and seven negative responses to Nazi propaganda targeting Non-Aryan groups. Finally, the novel "The Women in the Castle" effectively reflected the actual socio-political conditions of Germany from 1933-1945, spanning from Hitler's rise to power as chancellor to World War II and the Holocaust, which involved various propaganda efforts to garner support from the populace. However, there were also those who resisted and acted as opposition.

The Portrayal of American Indian Identity in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

This study delved into the cultural identity of American Indians residing in the Spokane reservation area, with a focus on Sherman Alexie's collection of stories, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven." The stories portrayed various aspects of the divide between American Indians and white people, as well as the distinctions between reservation-based Indians, urban Indians, modern Indians, and traditional Indians. The main objective of the research was to explore how the identity of American Indians is depicted in Alexie's book using Homi K Bhabha's cultural identity theories of hybridity and mimicry. This study employed the literary criticism method, particularly postcolonial studies, to analyze the representation of hybridity and mimicry. The primary data source for this investigation was the collection of short stories, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven," by Sherman Alexie. The data was gathered from the text, identifying words or sentences that illustrate the representation of hybridity and mimicry in the stories. The data collection techniques include reading and note-taking strategies. This study revealed two main aspects of Indian cultural identity: Hybridity, characterized by a blend of Indian and white culture, evident in language, behavior, ways of thinking, and lifestyles. Then Mimicry, seen in Indian behavior, lifestyle, and ways of thinking that resemble those of white people. In conclusion, the research highlighted how Indian cultural identity in Sherman Alexie's work reflects both hybridity and mimicry, shedding light on the complexities of cultural assimilation and adaptation in American Indian communities.

The Beauty Terms Used in True Beauty Webtoon: The Word Formation Analysis

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

The researcher conducted an analysis of the word-formation of beauty-related terms used in Yaongyi's Webtoon "True Beauty." The primary objective was to identify the morphological processes involved in creating these beauty terms within the storyline. The study utilized qualitative methods, with the researcher as the main instrument, collecting data on various words and phrases related to beauty found throughout the Webtoon. In total, the researcher identified 62 beauty terms from the selected episodes and subsequently categorized them according to word-formation processes proposed by O'Grady (1997) and Yule (2010). Six main word-formation processes were identified: compounding, derivation, clipping, borrowing, conversion, and backformation. Among these, compounding was found to be the most prevalent method of word formation for beauty terms in the "True Beauty" Webtoon. The study revealed that compounding was the dominant process for forming beauty terms in the Webtoon "True Beauty," which differed from a previous investigation that focused on technology terms in other Webtoons and showed a prevalence of process affixes. These findings suggest that language styles can be influenced by specific subject fields. Furthermore, the researcher discovered several new terms not present in standard dictionaries like Oxford or Cambridge, highlighting the creative and innovative language use within the context of the Webtoon.

The Main Characters' Postcolonial Identities in Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

Postcolonial identities appeared as the effect of colonialism on Western countries to third-world countries as the colonizer commonly shared its culture, language, and beliefs to the colonialized land. Thus, after colonization, those values were still reflected in the colonialized countries. The study aimed to analyze the postcolonial identities of the main characters in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North using the theory proposed by Bhabha (1994), which covered mimicry, ambivalence, and hybridity along with the concept of identity proposed by Castel (1997). This study used literary criticism theory in which the researcher conducted interpretation and analyzed the literary work. The data source of this study was a novel written by Tayeb Salih entitled Season of Migration to the North, published by Penguin Books UK. The data were collected by reading, analyzing, and highlighting the data related to postcolonial identities. Then, the researcher examined the data by analyzing the data using the relevant theories. The results of the study showed that there were three kinds of postcolonial identities in the novel, they were mimicry, ambivalence, and hybridity. Furthermore, there were two reasons which affected the main characters' identities, namely history and geography (time and place). Finally, future researchers are suggested to analyze the same novel using feminist theory, considering that the novel contained the element of feminism.

Hasan Minhaj’s Spontaneous Conversational Humor in Patriot Act

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

Grice's maxim of conversation becomes the main condition for a complete and ideal conversation. Spontaneous conversational humor is used in communicating with others, in light conversations with relatives, and in a broader public space, such as television shows and radio broadcasts. This linguistic phenomenon is often used as a speaker strategy in criticizing an action of an individual that is distorted but narrated in the form of humor that invites the audience's laughter. The researcher analysed Hasan Minhaj’s and his audience's spontaneous conversational humor in this study. Methodologically, the researcher adopted Grice's pragmatics study on the Theory of Cooperative Principle (1975), which aimed to make conversations cooperative. The researcher collected the data from Hasan Minhaj and his audience's utterances from September 2, 2019, to November 11, 2019. 21 data in the form of spoken transcripts containing spontaneous conversational humor, analysed by Martin's theory of spontaneous humor categorization (2007), which also contained non-observances (floating) based on the principle of conversation proposed by Grice (1975). The results showed that Hasan Minhaj deliberately and spontaneously expressed humorous conversations on his TV show "Patriot Act", which flouted the cooperative principle in conversation (Grice, 1975). The spontaneous conversational humor outlined by Hasan Minhaj in a broad outline showed that it aimed to criticize and comment on government policies that had violated the rights of the citizens. This study significantly contributed to expanding spontaneous conversational humor studies in linguistics.

Tsukuru’s Social Actions Portrayed in Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

This study aimed to describe the social action types of Tsukuru Tazaki in the novel Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage by Haruki Murakami according to Weber’s social action theory (1978). Precisely, the object of the study was Tsukuru Tazaki's life and activities. The study's object was analyzed using the sociology of literature approach, which focused on literary works. This study used the literary criticism method. The researcher read, wrote, and identified the data in the form of content quotations provided through conversations and quotations that described the social action types. The results of the study revealed four types of social action. The first type was instrumentally rational action, which could be seen in Tsukuru’s way of maintaining harmonious relationships through community activities. The second type of social action was value-rational action, where Tsukuru used relationship values and the value of manners to keep his connection with his friends and other people. The third type was effective action when Tsukuru was encouraged by his emotional feelings to interact with others, such as jealousy, anxiety, fear, and love. The fourth type of social action was traditional action. The results of the type of social action showed that Tsukuru used his habituation to prepare himself for facing society and keeping in touch with his friends and family. In addition, the result also showed that value-rational action played a significant role in how Tsukuru's achieved his life goal, which was keeping his relationship with his closest people.

Monocentric Concepts in Phonetic Errors of ‘Bimanese’ EFL Learners

2023-07-24T15:28:07+07:00

The open debate between monocentric and plurecentric concepts on pronunciation makes this research carried out. Monocentric is the concept which tends to emphasize an English learning approach for non-native speakers based on standard English or anglo-american style and believes in the existence of error sounds, while plurecentric considers the errorneous as the variety of English instead of error sounds. However, the researcher only tried to investigate the error, which sounded particularly phonetic, by taking 10 Bimanese college students. 50 words were given to the participants, and the record test was used during the pronunciation test. This test became the data to answer what phonetic errors were produced by Bimanese EFL learners using error analysis in the form of qualitative method and descriptive analysis. The communication problems that were caused by phonetic errors were identified as well becoming the second research question to be answered. This was done considering the relationship between intelligibility and pronunciation. The communication processes of two Bimanese Youtubers with foreigners were investigated for understanding the phenomenon of intelligibility and pronunciation using observation tests on four video vlogs. The findings showed that vowels were the most deviated errors produced by Bimanese. The deviation that occurred was barely caused by fossilization and mother tongue interference; the illiteracy of the participants in the pronunciation and the inconsistency of English sound systems took the most. Eventually, the researcher discovered misunderstandings and a lack of confidence that were caused by phonetic errors in the communication process.

The Analysis of Cyrus Smith as A Hero in Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island

2023-07-24T15:28:08+07:00

Hero is an individual or a group of people overcoming obstacles and dangers to accomplish some critical or moral missions. They would often receive the favors of one or more people as a kind of side benefit (Cawelti, 1976). In this study, the researcher analyzed Cyrus Smith's character in Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island to get a comprehensive understanding of the hero's character as well as the efforts the character provided as a hero. This study was a part of literary criticism as the researcher studied and analyzed a literary work using structuralism and Cawelti’s adventure formula (1976). There were four formulas introduced by Cawelti, covering adventure, romance, mystery, and melodrama. However, the researcher chose to specifically apply the adventure formula to analyze the hero character in The Mysterious Island written by Jules Verne. The result of the study showed that Cyrus Smith was an ordinary hero whose characteristics were portrayed through his actions, dialogs, and the author’s narration. The portrayal of the ordinary hero went in line with Cawelti’s definition of ordinary hero, namely someone who had more ability than the others in his group and gained favors from other people. Meanwhile, the efforts to make his friends survive contained providing comfort, obtaining food, making medicine, sharing knowledge, providing safety, and manufacturing tools. As the researcher focused only on Cyrus character in Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island, the researcher suggested that other researchers analyzed Cyrus character using the same theory, enriching the data of the present study. However, the researcher also suggested future researchers to study other characters in this novel using other literary theories.

Violence Suffered by the Main Character in Jay Asher’s Thirteen Reasons Why

2023-07-24T15:28:08+07:00

Violence still often occurs both in the school environment and outside the school. Women have always been the victims of violence perpetrated by men because women are considered inferior beings. Jay Asher's novel Thirteen Reasons Why (2017) tells about thirteen reasons why Hannah Baker committed suicide, which were told in a recording. The researcher aimed to analyze the violence that Hannah Baker suffered in this study and the way she was affected by the violent acts using the theory of violence developed by Galtung (1990). The main data were obtained from Jay Asher's novel entitled Thirteen Reasons Why in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. After the data had been collected, the researcher started to classify them. The results revealed that Hannah experienced psychological, physical, and sexual violence. She was also treated very badly by people in her surroundings; one of whom even raped her. Thus, in the end she committed suicide because she could not bear the pressure in her life. The readers should comprehend the risks of teen stress and violence by examining the main topic and data, as experienced by Hannah Baker. For future studies, the researcher's suggestion was to use other viewpoints from the book and other theories of violence.

Child Abuse Suffered by Saul in Richard Wagamese’s Indian Horse

2023-07-24T15:28:08+07:00

This study investigates the child abuse suffered by the protagonist, Saul, in Richard Wagamese's novel "Indian Horse." The study explores the different forms of abuse Saul faced and examines how these experiences influenced his life, as portrayed in the novel. This study adopts literary criticism and employs a psychological approach and McCabe and Murphy's theory of child abuse. The data used in this study consists of words, phrases, and sentences extracted from Richard Wagamese's novel "Indian Horse," published by Douglas & McIntyre in 2012. The findings reveal that while residing in St. Jerome, Saul suffered abuse from both his teacher and caregiver. The forms of abuse encompass physical, emotional, sexual, and neglectful mistreatment. Physical abuse involved the act of rough objects being scratched against Saul's body. Emotional abuse included instances of rejection, terrorization, and isolation. Additionally, Saul endured sexual abuse from his teacher. Neglect also played a part, encompassing physical, educational, and emotional neglect. The significant impact of these childhood traumas on Saul's adult life is evident in the results. Saul's coping mechanisms led to alcoholism and aggressive behavior. He withdrew from his surroundings, experiencing profound trauma, depression, and low self-esteem due to the abuse he suffered during his formative years.