Studi Kasus: Peran Tahkim, Ijtihad, dan Fatwa dalam Reformasi Sistem Peradilan Islam di Pengadilan Agama Indonesia
Abstract
This study aims to analyze judicial ijtihad, the role of fatwas as a basis for legal reasoning, and the application of tahkim and mediation in the Religious Courts of Indonesia. The background of this research lies in the increasing complexity of cases that cannot be fully addressed by positive law, thus requiring a more adaptive and integrative approach. This study employs a qualitative method with a case study approach, utilizing court decisions, interviews with judges and mediators, and analysis of fatwas and Islamic legal literature. The findings reveal that judges do not solely rely on statutory regulations but also exercise ijtihad by integrating fiqh principles and fatwas as normative justification. Furthermore, tahkim and mediation play a significant role in resolving disputes in a peaceful and efficient manner. These findings indicate an integrative pattern in the practice of Religious Courts, combining normative, substantive, and solution-oriented approaches. Therefore, this study concludes that Religious Courts in Indonesia are evolving adaptively to meet societal needs.
Downloads
References
Al-astewani, A. (2019). Loci of Leadership : The Quasi-Judicial Authority of Shariah Tribunals in the British Muslim Community. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070406
Alias, N., Abdullah, M. N., Kamis, M. S., Afandi, A. J., Alias, N., Sembilan, N., Datuk, J., Musa, M., Kediri, K., Branch, T. C., & Road, T. (2024). Scientific approach as the basis for the formation of maq āṣ id al- shar ī‘ ah concept and principles: a comparative study. 12(2), 350–363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no2.568
Arif, A., & Saidi, R. (2018). IMPLEMENTASI FATWA-FATWA DSN-MUI PADA PEMBIAYAAN DANA TALANGAN HAJI (STUDI KASUS PADA PADA KSPPS BTM MULIA BABAT – LAMONGAN). Jurnal Justisia Ekonomika: Magister Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30651/justeko.v4i1.5234
Ayumiati, Heru Fahlevi, Muhammad Yasir Yusuf, S. A. (2024). Budget Management of the Aceh Government: An Analysis of the Maqāṣid al-sharī’ah Approach. Keluarga, Jurnal Hukum Volume, Hukum Islam, 8(1), 538–555. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.19886
Azmi, N. N., Bisri, H., & Solehudin, E. (2024). Application of Progressive Law to Marriage Annulment Cases : Prospects and Development in Indonesia ’ s Religious Court. Al-Qadha: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Perundang-Undangan, 11(1), 127–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32505/qadha.v11i1.9230
Bahrudin, M., Suryanto, T., & Mizan, M. (2020). The Implementation of Ijtihād Jamā ’ iy in MUI ’ s Fatwa Commission. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 28(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.28.2.6293
Bukido, R., Antuli, S. A. K., Harun, N., Isima, N., & Na, U. (2024). Reconciling Traditions : The Role of Local Wisdom in Mediating Divorce in Indonesia ’ s Religious Courts. Khazanah Sosial, 6(2), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v6i2.32809
Firdaus, M. I., Retnowati, M. S., Abdurrozaq, M., & Author, C. (2024). SETTLEMENT OF SHARIA ECONOMIC DISPUTES : EFFICIENCY. Justicia Islamica: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial, 21(2), 335–356. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v21i2.9240
Harahap, K. A. (2023). The Concept of Ṣulḥ and Mediation in Marriage Conflict Resolution in Religious Courts : A Comparative Study between Contemporary Indonesian Family Law and Classical Islamic Law. El-Aqwal : Journal of Sharia and Comparative Law, 2(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/el-aqwal.v2i1.7777
Hasan, A. (2023). An Introduction to Collective ljtihad ( ljtihad Jama ’ i ): Concept and Applications. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v20i2.520
Hasan, M. (2023). Construction of Modern Islamic Inheritance Law based on Ijtihad of the Judges at the Religious Court of Pontianak, West Kalimantan. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 650–668. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.8852
Hidayah, N., & Azis, A. (2023). IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRESSIVE LAW IN SHARIABANKING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT:Case Study of Religious Court Decisions in Indonesia. ULUMUNA Journal of Islamic Studies, 27(1), 227–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i1.652
Hidayah, N., Azis, A., Mutiara, T., & Larasati, D. (2023). Sharia Banking Disputes Settlement: Analysis of Religious Court Decisions in Indonesia. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v23i1.1347
Indrawati, S., & Amelia, R. (2023). Mediation Efficacy in Resolving Divorce Cases : A Case Study of the Purworejo Religious Court. Journal of Judicial, 25(1), 273–286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v25i2.8571
Jalil, A. W., & Yani, A. (2021). Applying of Fatwa in the Case of Islamic Banking in Court : A Study of the Development of Islamic Banking in Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Public Policy, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0302.263
Juhari, A. R., Akmal, A. M., Tenripadang, A., Islam, U., & Alauddin, N. (2025). DINAMIKA INSTITUSI PERADILAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA. Siyasatuna Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Siyasah Syar’iyyah, 6(3), 456–462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24252/siyasatuna.v6i3.64391
Kusumastuti, H., Rosyadi, I., Nugraha, P., & Rhain, A. (2022). Concepts of Ijtihad Bayani , Ta ’ lili , and Istislahi on Muhammadiyah and Qauli Approach to NU. 676(Icims), 73–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220708.010
Lestari, A. (2023). Journal Of Samudra Social Studies Research. 1(1), 1–10. https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/JSSSR/article/view/12615/5815
Ma Chengfu, X. H. (2021). RESEARCH ON THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM OF THE HUI COMMUNITY IN NORTHWEST CHINA. Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence, 2(98), 123–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26577/JAPJ.2021.v98.i2.13
Mappong, Z. (2023). RIGHT TO SELF SUBMISSION TO WESTERN INHERITANCE LAW FOR THE HEIRS OF ISLAMIC RELIGION WHOM THE PROPERTY LEAVER DIREITO À AUTOSUBMISSÃO À LEI DE HERANÇA OCIDENTAL PARA OS HERDEIROS DA RELIGIÃO ISLÂMICA , A QUEM O PROPRIETÁRIO. 1–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i2.423
Maulana, Muhammad Al-fayyad, H. (2023). Progressiveness of Islamic Economic Law in Indonesia: The Murā‘at Al-‘Ilal wa Al-Maṣāliḥ Approach. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 1267–1292. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17601
Muhammad, A. A., Dahiruidriss, I., Ardo, M., Liman, B., & Huma, M. (2023). Alternative Dispute Resolution ( As- Sulh ) as a Principle of Islamic Legal System on Marriage Conflicts Among Muslim Ummah. 9(1), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.24952/fitrah.v9i1.8095
Muhammad Abdul Aziz, F. B. A., & Sasongkojati. (2022). THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SHARIA ECONOMIC DISPUTE RESOLUTION BETWEEN RELIGIOUS COURT AND NATIONAL SHARIA ARBITRATION BOARD. Journal of Islamic Economic Laws, 5(2), 216–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23917/jisel.v5i2.19709
Muhammad Ikhlas Supardin, Jaih Mubarok, JM Muslimin, M., & Nasril, R. A. (2025). Legal Reasoning By Judges In The Decision Of The Religious Court In The Dki Jakarta Area Regarding Sharia Financing. Al-Istinbath Jurnal Hukum Islam, 10(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v10i1.10917
Mustafa, A. D. (2024). The Influence of Fatwas Regarding Illegitimate Children at The Courts in Indonesia. YUDISIA : JURNAL PEMIKIRAN HUKUM DAN HUKUM ISLAM, 15, 261–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v15i2.25015
Nizar, M. C. (2020). THE RELIGIOUS COURT’S DECISIONS ON DIVORCE: A Maqāṣid Sharīʿa Perspective. ULUMUNA Journal of Islamic Studies, 24(2), 398–416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v24i2.408
Nurmandi, A., & Loilatu, M. J. (2020). How to Design Qualitative Research with NVivo 12 Plus for Local Government Corruption Issue in Indonesia ? JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.113124
Pérez-lasserre, D. (2025). Law as a “ Mystic Order ”: A Critical Approach to Legal Hermeneutics from the Perspective of Mysticism. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16030286
Qonita, N. (2018). THE EMERGENCE OF LEGAL SYSTEM IN ISLAMIC FINANCE. JURISDICTIE, 9(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v9i1.5136
Rahmad Setyawan, Doli Witro, Darti Busni, Muhammad Taufik, Kustiawan, F. Z. M., & Syahbani. (2024). Contemporary Ijtihad Deconstruction in The Supreme Court: Wasiat Wajibah as An Alternative for Non-Muslim Heirs in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 22(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v22i1.2968
Rusli Halil Nasution, Sakban Lubis, M. I. (2024). MEDIASI DI PENGADILAN AGAMA DALAM PERKARA PERCERAIAN. JURNAL ILMIAH AL – HADI, 17–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54248/alhadi.v11i1.4780
Sarah, S., Dikuraisyin, B., Fatwa, A. F., & Ghozali, M. L. (2024). Reconstruction of Marriage Law : Judges ’ Progressive Reasoning Based on Maqāṣid in Addressing Divergent Interpretations in Indonesian Courts. Al-Manāhij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 18(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i2.9436
Sri Rizki, C. P. (2024). Penyelesaian Sengketa Pengembalian Dana Haji Perspektif Fatwa DSN-MUINomor: 29/DSN-MUI/VI/2002: Studi Putusan Nomor2346/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Mdn. As-Syar ’ I : Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga As-Syar ’ I : Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga, 6(29), 916–927. https://doi.org/10.47476/assyari.v6i1.5774
Syahputra, A., & Anshori, A. Y. (2024). The Contestation of Legal Foundations in the Resolution of Islamic Economic Disputes in Religious Courts. Al-Manāhij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 18(2), 271–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i2.11934
Thamrin, R., & Mujib, A. (2023). Implementasi Mediasi pada Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah di Pengadilan Agama Yogyakarta. Al-Amwal: Journal of Islamic Economic Law, 8(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24256/alw.v8i1.3686
Yahya, I., & Susilo, S. (2024). Conservative Muslims in Indonesia ’ s religious and political landscapes : Ahok ’ s blasphemy case as a political leverage. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2392293
