Perkembangan fiqh islam: tinjauan historis dari masa nabi hingga imam mazhab
Abstract
Fiqh as an Islamic legal discipline has undergone a dynamic historical development from the era of the Prophet Muhammad to the formation of the major schools of Islamic law. This development was influenced by social, political, and religious conditions across different periods. This article aims to examine the historical growth of fiqh during the period of the Prophet Muhammad, the Companions, the Tabi'in, and the era of the Imams of the schools of law. This study employs a library research method with a descriptive-analytical approach to classical and contemporary sources. The findings indicate that during the time of the Prophet Muhammad, fiqh was derived directly from revelation in the form of the Qur'an and Sunnah, with the Prophet as the highest legal authority. During the period of the Companions, fiqh developed through ijtihad and consultation to address emerging legal issues due to the expansion of Islamic territories. The Tabi'in period was marked by the emergence of regional fiqh centers and methodological diversity. The peak of fiqh development occurred during the era of the Imams of Islamic schools with the codification of legal methodologies through the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools. Thus, the historical development of fiqh reflects the dynamic and adaptive nature of Islamic law while remaining rooted in Islamic legal principles.
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