The law of inheritance according to the hanafi school of thought
Keywords:
Hanafi school, Islamic inheritance law, heirs, impediments to inheritance, fixed shares (ahl al-fardh).Abstract
This article examines the law of inheritance according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. Inheritance distribution in Islam serves to prevent disputes over the deceased's estate (tirkah) and ensures that the rights of entitled heirs are fulfilled. The Hanafi school, founded by Imam Abu Hanifah, provides detailed rules concerning the pillars, conditions, impediments, and causes of inheritance, as well as the classification of heirs. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach based on classical Hanafi texts such as Hashiyat Radd al-Mukhtar, Tanwir al-Absar, and Al-Ahkam al-Shar'iyyah, this study elaborates on the three pillars of inheritance (heir, testator, and estate), the three conditions (death of testator, survival of heir, and knowledge of kinship relation), the four impediments (slavery, homicide, religious difference, and difference of state), and the three causes (consanguinity, marriage, and wala'). The article further classifies heirs into male and female groups, including fixed-share heirs (ahl al-fardh), residuary heirs ('asabah), and distant kindred (zawi al-arham). It also clarifies that the Hanafi school does not recognize the concept of inheritance by substitution (plaatsvervulling) as known in Western legal systems. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of Hanafi inheritance law, particularly regarding the entitlement and prioritization of heirs.
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