Dinamika pasang surut demokrasi di Indonesia

Analisis historis dari sistem parlementer hingga demokrasi Pancasila

Abstract

Since Indonesia’s independence in 1945, the development of democracy in the country has undergone significant transformations, starting from an unstable parliamentary system, shifting to a centralized Guided Democracy, and later evolving into the Pancasila Democracy of the New Order era, which tended to be authoritarian. In the Reform Era, opportunities for the implementation of popular sovereignty became more open through the adoption of a multiparty system, freer general elections, and the strengthening of human rights. However, the process of democratic consolidation still faces various structural obstacles caused by the dominance of political elites and entrenched oligarchic practices. Money politics and various forms of electoral fraud at both national and regional levels indicate that the integrity of the democratic process continues to encounter serious challenges. In addition, the weakening of democratic institutions and the absence of a strong opposition have reduced the effectiveness of checks on governmental power, leading to the emergence of “delegative democracy.” In the digital era, democratic challenges have become increasingly complex due to identity polarization, the spread of disinformation, and economic policies considered to limit public economic access rights, potentially contradicting the principles of economic democracy as stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution.