Sejarah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan teologis dalam islam ii

Abstract

This study explores the growth and development of Islamic theology during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, emphasizing the influence of political, social, and intellectual dynamics. In the Umayyad era, theological discourse was often utilized to legitimize political authority, leading to the rise of doctrines emphasizing determinism such as Jabariyyah, alongside reactions from Qadariyyah, Khawarij, and Murji’ah. Conversely, the Abbasid period introduced a more open intellectual environment supported by the translation movement and institutions such as the House of Wisdom. This context enabled the maturation of Islamic theology through systematic theological reasoning, marked by the emergence of rationalist schools like the Mu‘tazilites and the development of more moderate approaches such as Ash‘ariyyah and Maturidiyyah. The study highlights that Islamic theological development is inseparable from its socio-political context and intercultural encounters. Understanding this historical trajectory demonstrates that the diversity of Islamic theology stems from the continuous interaction between religious tradition, societal needs, and intellectual progress across different eras.