Sejarah dan peradaban dinasti abbasiyah: sistem pemerintahan, pusat peradaban, dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan

Abstract

This study examines the history and culture of the Abbasid Caliphate, which lasted from 750 to 1258 CE. The main focus of the research is the governmental system, centers of civilization, and the advancement of knowledge during that period. Using a qualitative-historical approach and literature analysis, the study emphasizes the transformation of the governmental system from an Arab-tribe, personality-centered model to an organized, multicultural bureaucracy. The establishment of Baghdad as the capital by al Ma'mun’s predecessor al Mansur (754–775 CE) allowed the entry of professional government officials from Persia, Greece, and India. The office of the vizier and the diwan structure demonstrate specialization of functions, which increased administrative efficiency. A system of decentralization granted provincial governors considerable autonomy, enabling the state to endure for more than five centuries. Baghdad, as a global center of civilization, became home to the Bayt al Hikmah (House of Wisdom), which served as a library, observatory, hospital, and madrasa. This institution strongly supported the advancement of knowledge both in religious fields such as tafsir, hadith, and fiqh, and in the general sciences such as philosophy, mathematics, algebra, astronomy, and medicine. The Abbasid economy acted as a driver of the world economy from the 8th to the 10th centuries CE, with Baghdad serving as a hub of international trade. The dynasty’s decline resulted from internal factors (interethnic rivalry, economic downturn, religious conflict) and external factors (the Crusades, Mongol invasions), culminating in its total destruction in 1258 CE. Cooperation among government support, educational institutions, and social diversity was a key factor in the achievements of the Islamic Golden Age.