Landasan gagasan Takfīrī pada kelompok Khawarij

Hakimiyyah dan Tafsir Literal

Abstract

English abstract. This text discusses the foundational ideas of takfīr in the Khawarij group, namely the tendency to declare other Muslims kafir who are deemed to deviate from Allah's law. The Khawarij emerged from political fragmentation during the time of Ali ibn Abi Talib after the tahkim (arbitration), calling themselves the group that "went out" (kharaja) and "sacrificed themselves" for Allah. They adhered to the principle of ḥākimiyyah, interpreted the Qur'an literally, rejected ta'wīl (deep interpretation) and qiyās (analogy), and transformed political disputes into theological issues, thereby viewing political opponents as enemies of God who could be declared kafir. Branches such as al-Azariqah even mandated fighting Muslims deemed impure in creed. Verses such as Al-Mā'idah 44–47 and Al-Ḥujurāt 9 were used as the basis for their claims; however, their interpretations were contested by classical tafsīr traditions (e.g., Ibn Kathīr), which emphasized that major sins do not automatically expel one from faith, that internal conflicts must be reconciled with justice, and that justice is the primary principle beloved to Allah. This writing uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, specifically a textual historical approach and interpretive analysis. In conclusion, the Khawarij's takfīr foundation is rooted in narrow textual readings, absolutism of ḥākimiyyah, and the politicization of theology. This approach carries the potential to produce extremism and violence. The proposed recommendations are: employ contextual tafsīr, avoid takfīr, resolve conflicts peacefully and justly, and adopt a moderate manhaj (methodology) in da'wah and modern Islamic movements.