Development of Plant-Based Pesticide Powders Made from Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.), Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Garlic (Allium sativum L.), and Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) as an Alternative for Controlling the Armyworm (Spodoptera litura)
Keywords:
Pestisida nabati, ulat grayak, daun mimba, daun pepaya, pertanian berkelanjutanAbstract
The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has significantly contributed to crop productivity; however, excessive application may cause environmental pollution, pest resistance, mortality of non-target organisms, and chemical residues in agricultural products. Therefore, safer and more sustainable pest control alternatives are required. This study aimed to develop a powdered botanical pesticide formulated from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.), neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), and moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) for controlling armyworm (Spodoptera litura). The formulation was prepared through drying, grinding, mixing, and packaging processes to obtain a homogeneous powder. Effectiveness was evaluated using several concentration levels, namely 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The observations indicated that increasing formulation concentration tended to reduce larval feeding activity, decrease leaf damage, and improve pest control effectiveness. The 75% concentration showed the best balance between control effectiveness and material efficiency. In addition to its pest control potential, the formulation offers advantages such as readily available raw materials, environmental friendliness, practical application, and longer shelf life due to its powdered form. Therefore, this botanical pesticide formulation has the potential to serve as an alternative pest management strategy that supports sustainable agriculture.
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References
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Castro, H. L. B., Alves, J. C. D. S., Gladenucci, J., Marucci, R. C., & Soares, F. E. D. F. (2023). Nematicidal and Insecticidal Activity of Proteases from Carica papaya and Ananas comosus. Agriculture, 13(6), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061119
Chaudhary, S. (2017). Progress on Azadirachta indica Based Biopesticides in Replacing Synthetic Toxic Pesticides. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00610
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen‐Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Thulke, H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., … MacLeod, A. (2019). Pest categorisation of Spodoptera litura. EFSA Journal, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5765
Iqbal, H., Jahan, N., Ali, S., Shahzad, A., & Iqbal, R. (2024). Formulation of Moringa oleifera nanobiopesticides and their evaluation against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 131(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00802-z
Jikah, A. N., & Edo, G. I. (2023). Mechanisms of action by sulphur compounds in Allium sativum. A review. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine, 9, 100323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100323
Kilani-Morakchi, S., Morakchi-Goudjil, H., & Sifi, K. (2021). Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions. Frontiers in Agronomy, 3, 676208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.676208
Konno, K., Hirayama, C., Nakamura, M., Tateishi, K., Tamura, Y., Hattori, M., & Kohno, K. (2004). Papain protects papaya trees from herbivorous insects: Role of cysteine proteases in latex. The Plant Journal, 37(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01968.x
Lengai, G. M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mbega, E. R. (2020). Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African, 7, e00239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
Mallarangeng, R., Syamsinar, Hasan, A., Hisein, W. S. A., Taufik, M., Nuriadi, & Johan, E. A. (2025). Evaluation of Lantana camara Leaf Extract as Biopesticide for Lifecycle Disruption in Spodoptera litura. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 32(4), 1053–1061. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.32.4.1053-1061
Mashamaite, C. V., Ngcobo, B. L., Manyevere, A., Bertling, I., & Fawole, O. A. (2022). Assessing the Usefulness of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract as a Biostimulant to Supplement Synthetic Fertilizers: A Review. Plants, 11(17), 2214. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172214
Mukhopadhyay, A., Chaudhary, S., Antil, J., Somvanshi, V. S., Nebapure, S. M., Patanjali, N., Dutta, A., Babu, S., Bharadwaj, C., Sudhishri, S., Singh, M., Banerjee, T., Kumar, A., & Singh, A. (2023). Novel moisture retaining dustable powder containing Steinernema abbasi effectively controls damage of subterranean termite in wheat and chickpea. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 58(11), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2023.2264743
Natikar, P. K., & Balikai, R. A. (2017). Present status on bio-ecology and management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) – An update. International Journal of Plant Protection, 10(1), 193–202.
Ngegba, P. M., Cui, G., Khalid, M. Z., & Zhong, G. (2022). Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. Agriculture, 12(5), 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600
Nurmaisah, Mellia Wasti Mau, & Abdul Rahim. (2023). Application of Turmeric Extract Botanical Insecticide On Feeding Activity And Mortality Of Spodoptera Litura Larvae. Jurnal Pertanian Tropik, 10(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v10i1.13564
Nyonita Punjungsari, T., & Ulfa, F. (2022). Jaringan Pengangkut Tanaman Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) Yang Tumbuh Pada Tanah Tinggi Alumunium. VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 16(1), 74–81. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/11042/
Prianto, A. H., Budiawan, N., Yulizar, Y., & Simanjuntak, P. (2019). The Synergy Effect of Azadirachtin and Minor Components of Neem Seed Oil on Antifeedant Activity of Spodoptera litura. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah Dan Obat, 30(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v30n1.2019.27-34
Purba, J., Yahya, M., & Siregar, A. Z. (2026). Rancangan Penyuluhan Pertanian Pengendalian Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera Frugiperda) pada Tanaman Jagung dengan Menggunakan Pestisida Nabati di Simalungun. AGRIFITIA : Journal of Agribusiness Plantation, 6(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.55180/aft.v6i1.2079
Rahayu, S. E., Leksono, A. S., Gama, Z. P., & Tarno, H. (2023). The Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on the Mortality Rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius Larvae and the Level of Damage to Soybean Leaves in Malang, Indonesia: A Greenhouse Simulation. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3745
Sa’adah, N. S. S., Alwandri, H., Nugroho, L. H., Sukirno, S., & Nuringtyas, T. R. (2022). A Meta-Analysis Study on Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura Control: Biopesticides vs. Synthetic Pesticides: 7th International Conference on Biological Science (ICBS 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.073
Safder, A., Afzal, Z., Munawar, F., Hashmi, A. M., Ali, R. B., & Amanat, N. (2022). Efficacy of botanicals extracts against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory condition. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 32–35. https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.8103
Salsa Malikal Mulki, Sugiarto, & Lutfi Afifah. (2022). Uji Efektivitas Pestisida Nabati Terhadap Mortalitas Dan Intensitas Serangan Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera Litura Fabricus) Pada Tanaman Sawi (Brassica Juncea L.): Test The Effectiveness Of Botanical Pesticides On Mortality And Intensity Of Armyworm (Spodoptera Litura Fabricus) On Mustard Plant (Brassica juncea L.). Agrifarm: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 11(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v11i1.1594
Sarmah, K., Anbalagan, T., Marimuthu, M., Mariappan, P., Angappan, S., & Vaithiyanathan, S. (2025). Innovative formulation strategies for botanical- and essential oil-based insecticides. Journal of Pest Science, 98(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01846-2
Shalaby, O. A. (2024). Moringa leaf extract increases tolerance to salt stress, promotes growth, increases yield, and reduces nitrate concentration in lettuce plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 325, 112654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112654
Stejskal, V., Vendl, T., Aulicky, R., & Athanassiou, C. (2021). Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control. Insects, 12(7), 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070590
Susilowati, R., Purwadi, D. A., Azkiya, A. S., Biologi, J., & Gajayana, J. (n.d.). Lama Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare dan Bawang Putih Sebagai Amelioran Fungsi Pankreas Dan Hepar Mencit Diabetes. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/4272/6/4272.pdf
Thakur, N., Sharma, A., Kaur, S., Ahluwalia, K. K., Sidhu, A. K., Kumar, S., Rustagi, S., Singh, S., Rai, A. K., Sheikh, S., & Yadav, A. N. (2024). Insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and its resistance against the chemical insecticides: A review. Plant Science Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3078
Thakur, N., Tomar, P., Kaur, J., Kaur, S., Sharma, A., Jhamta, S., Yadav, A. N., Dhaliwal, H. S., Thakur, R., & Thakur, S. (2023). Eco-friendly management of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato under polyhouse and field conditions using Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, their associated bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescens), and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 33(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00649-4
Tiyas, R. S., Yulianti, E., & Fahruddin, M. M. (2024). Penerapan Ultrasonik dalam Penelitian Aktivitas Antibakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera): Pendekatan Berbasis Sains dan Nilai Islam. Es-Syajar:Journal of Islam, Science and Technology Integration, 2(1), 141–152. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/19612/
Vasantha-Srinivasan, P., Han, Y. S., Karthi, S., Senthil-Nathan, S., Park, K. B., Radhakrishnan, N., Ganesan, R., Karthick, K., & Malafaia, G. (2024). Phytochemical strategies for combating Spodoptera litura (Fab.): A review of botanicals and their metabolites. Toxin Reviews, 43(4), 591–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2024.2379299
Ayodipupo Babalola, B., Ifeolu Akinwande, A., Otunba, A. A., Ebenezer Adebami, G., Babalola, O., & Nwufo, C. (2024). Therapeutic benefits of Carica papaya: A review on its pharmacological activities and characterization of papain. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 17(1), 105369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105369
Castro, H. L. B., Alves, J. C. D. S., Gladenucci, J., Marucci, R. C., & Soares, F. E. D. F. (2023). Nematicidal and Insecticidal Activity of Proteases from Carica papaya and Ananas comosus. Agriculture, 13(6), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061119
Chaudhary, S. (2017). Progress on Azadirachta indica Based Biopesticides in Replacing Synthetic Toxic Pesticides. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00610
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Bragard, C., Dehnen‐Schmutz, K., Di Serio, F., Gonthier, P., Jacques, M., Jaques Miret, J. A., Justesen, A. F., Magnusson, C. S., Milonas, P., Navas‐Cortes, J. A., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Reignault, P. L., Thulke, H., Van der Werf, W., Vicent Civera, A., Yuen, J., Zappalà, L., … MacLeod, A. (2019). Pest categorisation of Spodoptera litura. EFSA Journal, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5765
Iqbal, H., Jahan, N., Ali, S., Shahzad, A., & Iqbal, R. (2024). Formulation of Moringa oleifera nanobiopesticides and their evaluation against Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 131(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00802-z
Jikah, A. N., & Edo, G. I. (2023). Mechanisms of action by sulphur compounds in Allium sativum. A review. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine, 9, 100323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100323
Kilani-Morakchi, S., Morakchi-Goudjil, H., & Sifi, K. (2021). Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions. Frontiers in Agronomy, 3, 676208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.676208
Konno, K., Hirayama, C., Nakamura, M., Tateishi, K., Tamura, Y., Hattori, M., & Kohno, K. (2004). Papain protects papaya trees from herbivorous insects: Role of cysteine proteases in latex. The Plant Journal, 37(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01968.x
Lengai, G. M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mbega, E. R. (2020). Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African, 7, e00239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
Mallarangeng, R., Syamsinar, Hasan, A., Hisein, W. S. A., Taufik, M., Nuriadi, & Johan, E. A. (2025). Evaluation of Lantana camara Leaf Extract as Biopesticide for Lifecycle Disruption in Spodoptera litura. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 32(4), 1053–1061. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.32.4.1053-1061
Mashamaite, C. V., Ngcobo, B. L., Manyevere, A., Bertling, I., & Fawole, O. A. (2022). Assessing the Usefulness of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract as a Biostimulant to Supplement Synthetic Fertilizers: A Review. Plants, 11(17), 2214. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172214
Mukhopadhyay, A., Chaudhary, S., Antil, J., Somvanshi, V. S., Nebapure, S. M., Patanjali, N., Dutta, A., Babu, S., Bharadwaj, C., Sudhishri, S., Singh, M., Banerjee, T., Kumar, A., & Singh, A. (2023). Novel moisture retaining dustable powder containing Steinernema abbasi effectively controls damage of subterranean termite in wheat and chickpea. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 58(11), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2023.2264743
Natikar, P. K., & Balikai, R. A. (2017). Present status on bio-ecology and management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) – An update. International Journal of Plant Protection, 10(1), 193–202.
Ngegba, P. M., Cui, G., Khalid, M. Z., & Zhong, G. (2022). Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. Agriculture, 12(5), 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600
Nurmaisah, Mellia Wasti Mau, & Abdul Rahim. (2023). Application of Turmeric Extract Botanical Insecticide On Feeding Activity And Mortality Of Spodoptera Litura Larvae. Jurnal Pertanian Tropik, 10(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v10i1.13564
Nyonita Punjungsari, T., & Ulfa, F. (2022). Jaringan Pengangkut Tanaman Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) Yang Tumbuh Pada Tanah Tinggi Alumunium. VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 16(1), 74–81. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/11042/
Prianto, A. H., Budiawan, N., Yulizar, Y., & Simanjuntak, P. (2019). The Synergy Effect of Azadirachtin and Minor Components of Neem Seed Oil on Antifeedant Activity of Spodoptera litura. Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah Dan Obat, 30(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v30n1.2019.27-34
Purba, J., Yahya, M., & Siregar, A. Z. (2026). Rancangan Penyuluhan Pertanian Pengendalian Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera Frugiperda) pada Tanaman Jagung dengan Menggunakan Pestisida Nabati di Simalungun. AGRIFITIA : Journal of Agribusiness Plantation, 6(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.55180/aft.v6i1.2079
Rahayu, S. E., Leksono, A. S., Gama, Z. P., & Tarno, H. (2023). The Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on the Mortality Rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius Larvae and the Level of Damage to Soybean Leaves in Malang, Indonesia: A Greenhouse Simulation. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3745
Sa’adah, N. S. S., Alwandri, H., Nugroho, L. H., Sukirno, S., & Nuringtyas, T. R. (2022). A Meta-Analysis Study on Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura Control: Biopesticides vs. Synthetic Pesticides: 7th International Conference on Biological Science (ICBS 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.073
Safder, A., Afzal, Z., Munawar, F., Hashmi, A. M., Ali, R. B., & Amanat, N. (2022). Efficacy of botanicals extracts against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory condition. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 32–35. https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.8103
Salsa Malikal Mulki, Sugiarto, & Lutfi Afifah. (2022). Uji Efektivitas Pestisida Nabati Terhadap Mortalitas Dan Intensitas Serangan Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera Litura Fabricus) Pada Tanaman Sawi (Brassica Juncea L.): Test The Effectiveness Of Botanical Pesticides On Mortality And Intensity Of Armyworm (Spodoptera Litura Fabricus) On Mustard Plant (Brassica juncea L.). Agrifarm: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 11(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v11i1.1594
Sarmah, K., Anbalagan, T., Marimuthu, M., Mariappan, P., Angappan, S., & Vaithiyanathan, S. (2025). Innovative formulation strategies for botanical- and essential oil-based insecticides. Journal of Pest Science, 98(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01846-2
Shalaby, O. A. (2024). Moringa leaf extract increases tolerance to salt stress, promotes growth, increases yield, and reduces nitrate concentration in lettuce plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 325, 112654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112654
Stejskal, V., Vendl, T., Aulicky, R., & Athanassiou, C. (2021). Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control. Insects, 12(7), 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070590
Susilowati, R., Purwadi, D. A., Azkiya, A. S., Biologi, J., & Gajayana, J. (n.d.). Lama Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare dan Bawang Putih Sebagai Amelioran Fungsi Pankreas Dan Hepar Mencit Diabetes. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/4272/6/4272.pdf
Thakur, N., Sharma, A., Kaur, S., Ahluwalia, K. K., Sidhu, A. K., Kumar, S., Rustagi, S., Singh, S., Rai, A. K., Sheikh, S., & Yadav, A. N. (2024). Insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and its resistance against the chemical insecticides: A review. Plant Science Today. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.3078
Thakur, N., Tomar, P., Kaur, J., Kaur, S., Sharma, A., Jhamta, S., Yadav, A. N., Dhaliwal, H. S., Thakur, R., & Thakur, S. (2023). Eco-friendly management of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato under polyhouse and field conditions using Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, their associated bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescens), and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 33(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00649-4
Tiyas, R. S., Yulianti, E., & Fahruddin, M. M. (2024). Penerapan Ultrasonik dalam Penelitian Aktivitas Antibakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera): Pendekatan Berbasis Sains dan Nilai Islam. Es-Syajar:Journal of Islam, Science and Technology Integration, 2(1), 141–152. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/19612/
Vasantha-Srinivasan, P., Han, Y. S., Karthi, S., Senthil-Nathan, S., Park, K. B., Radhakrishnan, N., Ganesan, R., Karthick, K., & Malafaia, G. (2024). Phytochemical strategies for combating Spodoptera litura (Fab.): A review of botanicals and their metabolites. Toxin Reviews, 43(4), 591–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2024.2379299
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2026-06-09
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lisa, anggun saskia. (2026). Development of Plant-Based Pesticide Powders Made from Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.), Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Garlic (Allium sativum L.), and Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) as an Alternative for Controlling the Armyworm (Spodoptera litura). Maliki Interdisciplinary Journal, 4(8), 552–560. Retrieved from https://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/mij/article/view/30593
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