Efek imunomodulator senyawa bioaktif pengobatan nabawi pada hepatocellular carcinoma: Sebuah tinjauan pustaka
Keywords:
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Thymoquinone, Immunomodulation, Prophetic Medicine, Tumor microenvironmentAbstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a liver malignancy with high mortality whose progression is strongly influenced by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Various bioactive compounds derived from Prophetic Medicine, such as thymoquinone from black seed (Nigella sativa), polyphenols and flavonoids from dates, honey, and olives, and stigmasterol from various medicinal plants, have been reported to exert immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic effects on HCC cells. This literature review aims to examine the immunomodulatory mechanisms of these compounds in inhibiting HCC progression based on in vitro, in vivo, and related evidence. The review shows that thymoquinone acts through the NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways to induce apoptosis in HCC cells, while polyphenols and flavonoids from honey and olives inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration through the Wnt/β-catenin and AKT/NF-κB pathways. Stigmasterol has been reported to remodel gut microbiota and increase regulatory T cell and CD8+ T cell populations in HCC models, while Al-Hijamah, a non-pharmacological Prophetic Medicine practice, has been reported to potentially enhance antiviral immunity relevant to hepatitis-related HCC prevention. The integration of Prophetic Medicine principles with modern pharmacological evidence opens opportunities for developing natural adjuvant therapies for HCC patients, although challenges related to bioavailability and limited clinical evidence still require further research.
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