Toxic Online Relationships in Muslim Marriage: Reconstructing Prophetic Digital Ethics in Indonesian Islamic Family Law
Abstract
This article examines toxic online relationships in Muslim marriages in Indonesia and reconstructs a maqāṣid-based Prophetic Digital Ethics framework as a normative standard for Indonesian Islamic family law. Employing normative legal research with conceptual, statutory, case, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah approaches, the study analyzes legal materials through grammatical, systematic, teleological, and maqāṣid-oriented interpretation. The analysis focuses on emerging forms of technology-facilitated abuse within marriage, including digital surveillance, cyberbullying, gaslighting, doxing, oversharing of domestic conflicts, and threats to disseminate intimate content. The findings demonstrate that these behaviors should not be understood merely as communication problems but as forms of ḍarar maʿnawī (non-material harm), violations of muʿāsharah bi al-maʿrūf, and potential indicators of shiqāq when they generate persistent conflict and undermine marital trust. The study further shows that such practices intersect with multiple Indonesian legal regimes, including the Marriage Law, the Compilation of Islamic Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Sexual Violence Crime Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and the Domestic Violence Law. The principal contribution of this article lies in proposing a maqāṣid-based Prophetic Digital Ethics model that operationalizes the values of amānah, satr, raḥmah, ṣidq, tabayyun, and anti-tajassus into normative and institutional guidelines for Muslim family governance. By integrating Islamic legal principles with contemporary digital challenges, the model provides a coherent framework for prevention, mediation, victim protection, and judicial assessment, thereby extending the scope of Indonesian Islamic family law to address technology-facilitated harm in marital relationships.
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