Policy Statement

Al-Balad: Journal of Constitutional Law recognizes the substantial effort invested by authors and reflects this commitment through a rigorous peer-review process. However, published articles may require correction or retraction for scientific, ethical, or legal reasons in order to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record.

This policy promotes transparency, accountability, and consistency in post-publication practices while safeguarding the journal’s electronic archive.

Retraction

An article may be retracted when the validity, reliability, or ethical standing of the published work has been fundamentally compromised, including:

• Unreliable findings resulting from fabrication, falsification, misconduct, or critical errors.
• Redundant or duplicate publication without valid justification.
• Serious ethical violations, including plagiarism or inappropriate authorship.
• Manipulation of the peer-review or publication process.

In accordance with the COPE Retraction Guidelines, a retraction notice will be published online and permanently linked to the original article.

Article Correction

A correction may be issued when the article remains reliable but contains an error that requires formal clarification:

• Publisher Correction or Erratum: Issued for errors introduced during the production or publication process.
• Author Correction or Corrigendum: Issued for significant author-generated errors that affect interpretation but do not invalidate the article’s main findings.
• Addendum: Issued to provide important additional information that complements the original article.

Article Removal

Article removal is reserved for exceptional circumstances, such as defamation, infringement of legal rights, a court order, or a serious and immediate public-health risk. The article metadata will normally remain available together with an explanatory notice.

Article Replacement

If an article poses a serious risk when acted upon, it may be retracted and replaced with a corrected version. The replacement article must include a transparent publication history and a clear link to the retraction notice.